As the Northern Periphery and Arctic (NPA) regions work towards achieving carbon neutrality, a major challenge is dealing with the substantial regional variations in energy consumption, climate, and renewable resources. Decarbonisation strategies need to be customised to meet the specific requirements of each area, considering these differences to guarantee the implementation of effective and sustainable solutions.

Nordland Research Institute leads a project to develop, implement and promote more sustainable energy solutions for Arctic communities. "In the Hybes project, we focus on various areas, such as improving buildings to meet higher energy standards. We also seek local ways to use more renewable energy, like solar, wind, and geothermal heat. Regarding energy infrastructure and national requirements, Hybes partners recognise that different conditions influence what we can achieve." - says our researcher and project manager, Bjarne Lindeløv.

Energy Source Variability

The mix of domestic heating and electricity generation throughout the NPA varies greatly. For example, Ireland and the Faroe Islands stand to gain significantly from decarbonisation because it relies heavily on fossil fuels for heating and electricity. For those countries, a shift to renewable energy is crucial, especially in addressing their energy security concerns, as it reduces their dependence on imported energy sources. Given the geographical potential, heat pump technology and solar and wind energy are promising solutions for Ireland and the Faroe Islands. Traditional renovation to improve insulation standards for Ireland will also be essential to reach energy goals.

In contrast, countries like Norway, Iceland, and Sweden already rely more heavily on renewable energy sources such as hydropower and geothermal energy. These nations have a head start in transitioning to low-carbon economies, but the focus remains on improving their renewable energy infrastructure to meet long-term goals. "This means developing local hybrid and flexible renewable energy solutions used for heating needs buildings, reducing rising energy infrastructure costs and supporting energy security needs" - says Lindeløv.

Climatic Impacts on Decarbonisation

The climate in NPA regions plays a crucial role in shaping decarbonisation strategies. Northern locations such as Bodø in Norway, Umeå in Sweden, and Akureyri in Iceland experience colder temperatures, which is also reflected in higher demands in these countries' building regulations than in countries like Ireland and the Faroe Islands. However, upgrading existing building mass by insulation demands and energy efficiency tasks will remain a key priority in all Northern Periphery and Arctic regions. Improved building fabric can protect from extreme cold and reduce energy demand.

Regions with higher wind potential, including Ireland and the Faroe Islands, are well-positioned to expand their wind energy capabilities. However, wind energy infrastructure is capital-intensive and inconsistent, requiring careful planning. Solar energy potential varies significantly across the NPA. Southern areas, such as Cork, receive more sunlight, making solar photovoltaic (PV) technology more viable in these regions compared to northern locations like Bodø or Tórshavn.

Citizen Engagement and Behavioural Change

The success of efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the NPA depends on engaging citizens and promoting behavioural change. Different groups need different approaches to encourage energy efficiency. People who care about the environment tend to choose lower-cost measures, while those motivated by financial benefits are more likely to invest in higher-cost energy-efficient technologies.

In urban areas, larger households with higher education levels are likelier to adopt these technologies, while rural populations may need more personalised communication and incentives. Simplifying access to financial support and administrative procedures, such as through "one-stop shops," could help bridge this gap and increase participation across all citizens.

"A key idea behind Hybes project is that to reach our energy and climate goals; we need citizen engagement and changes in how people behave toward reducing carbon emissions. Technology alone is not enough. We need to use energy technology wisely and change our habits to use less energy and consume more sustainably. To achieve this, we focus on the Living Lab Method to connect with young people and important stakeholders who can influence our behaviour. We also look at how culture and cultural events can help raise awareness about moving toward renewable energy and a low-carbon society." - says Lindeløv.

Challenges and Opportunities

Decarbonisation is complex, but the NPA's diverse energy production and climate needs create unique opportunities. Challenges include finding localised solutions that consider utility costs, technology applicability, funding sources, and, not least, capacity building and awareness raising. While replicating these solutions across regions may be limited, tailored approaches can have a significant impact if they match local conditions.
Educational programs such as "carbon school" and others Hybes partners are developing could play a vital role in promoting long-term behavioural change. Community engagement and practical solutions that consider regional realities will be essential for ensuring the widespread adoption of decarbonisation practices.

The decarbonisation process in the NPA regions is different for everyone. The various climates, energy needs, and citizen profiles require customised approaches that tackle local challenges while maximising regional strengths. As our regions and countries strive to lower carbon emissions, strategies specific to each area will be vital to achieving a successful and sustainable shift towards carbon neutrality. "Hybes partners approach stakeholders and strategy, claiming the latter from hybrid pilot solutions at the building level and moving towards the next step of flexible energy at the district level" - Lindeløv sums up.